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The Education Price Index 2022

A Study by N26
A group of three MBA students point to a laptop in a library while laughing.
To help students make informed financial decisions, The Mobile Bank N26 analyzed the cost of higher education in 50 countries around the world—including the cost of studying to become a Doctor, Nurse, Lawyer, Civil Engineer, Software Developer, or Teacher. Plus, the study features the typical local salaries for graduates of each degree and ranks 100 popular student cities for their livability and cost of living.
Three students watching the sunset.

With classes disrupted and remote learning as the new norm, we all saw major changes in the world of higher education over the last few years. As pandemic restrictions loosen and the next generation of students prepares to start university, we’ve put together The Education Price Index: an in-depth analysis of how higher education costs differ around the world. It’s all to help students make smart financial choices when planning their futures. The study also compares data on the cost of living, tuition fees, levels of student debt, and graduate salaries, with a focus on six globally comparable degree subjects.

The higher education landscape

Around 40% of people globally now go on to higher education after finishing secondary school—the highest level ever. A university education can open doors to greater career opportunities and better remuneration, but it can also come at a significant financial cost. In some countries, university students receive free tuition or only pay admin costs, while in others they pay tuition fees that vary depending on whether the university is public or private. Add living costs and other expenses, and the price of getting a degree can rack up quickly.We looked at the cost of higher education in 50 countries, which we chose because of their renowned universities and comparable education data. Our research included looking at tuition fees as well as living costs and livability in different locations around the world.

The research process

To compare the cost of higher education in each country, we analyzed the tuition fees of six common degree subjects: medicine, nursing, law, civil engineering, software development, and teaching. For each subject, we researched the annual tuition fees and calculated the total cost of completing the necessary degree(s). We also wanted to gauge the financial implications of studying different subjects, so we determined graduates’ typical salary prospects.Since financial accessibility is a key topic in higher education around the world, we assessed the affordability of a university education in each country. We calculated how long it takes for someone on an average income to pay back their tuition fees, as well as for someone earning minimum wage.With high inflation affecting people’s spending power, we also evaluated student living costs in 100 prominent university cities around the world—an important consideration for students across the globe. We analyzed the cost of student housing, food, and other expenses in each city, to find out where it’s most and least affordable to maintain a typical student lifestyle.And because we know that a student’s university experience is about more than just studying, we also ranked the livability of each city for students. We considered factors like student safety, the quality of cultural attractions and nightlife, and the level of smart mobility.The final results compare the higher education landscape in countries and cities around the world.The full methodology explaining how we calculated each factor can be found at the bottom of the page.

The university price index

The table below compares the quality of universities in each country, as well as degree tuition costs, affordability, and the salaries that graduates usually earn after university. The icons indicate whether each column is presented as a score (all scores are out of 100, with 100 being the highest and 50 the lowest possible score); a metric of time (years or hours); or cost ($).Click on the top of each column to sort from highest to lowest.Legend image for table: The university price index.

The university price index

1USA10019122642915363982121890291185171203557227005824570010728613680175300786459483811407551591
2UAE871425496134894666485946140703107422214544071771820115135711044836438287560493248242141
3England96123215122734031271891715009462141708437876705677110525634616541708539075362539053
4Wales90929411165950367898385797312523840581503305835998430544945933240581634015114546758
5Israel87144158101613218861320570776695236321352625455551022501393697431133634874151032871
6Scotland941028971001344247786321172310185582064907436033868253459750706820655770937944641
7Canada94836429874514749792011253513475818731590946924390904511175685318708655053769549477
8Singapore961077309805469638631212920911027825899429976021596488406015661931213597382051641670
9Japan92934708751408537755310955610577026504430734090398081513323434835874511463378734289
10Jamaica8728304798668142582644328917364012064815665450102389344532161592673118264938413249
11Ireland9082455778144772842324239413206322112437713189065706557825015422515565262086241748
12Australia95514906391549341042775157613990414670572811393689579348057039819839740222291156999
13Chile8311900461952687650168503426743619843234283105645664331643439723644327691639431137
14New Zealand9152017585349516940825521012553020098524632417589921306305934817066656161650746422
15Brazil86131240657181920034595995064816913866151653320434412350642539114834275871527618578
16Hong Kong94436295368534579790829524126902187885243426840125072295245398218788556892684050883
17Spain908245352543007254979411335713417251378222269750322272564272022470373051880331209
18Northern Ireland8941393437849663883072950211329720651538682950296032219855849220651669032360147703
19South Africa898100384156232904224731047640871097319623217883883726197290169738361321192217983
20Russia87171258840671011519025221901869930077704205031385426616181391209822436182806753
21South Korea9051537393337513684602663110233211730378511558071364227834739112987442161135932270
22Malaysia84107901365416024305045805837164790613655184182966510939190937082242031000719429
23Mexico7910130843620150272801840787275941339319746127432910920311182861352624399398613278
24Italy924134430493189258945151399103712465439381532850608166163546412465389011261926230
25India871632021303083651531645842133314640115255771144142990011333399681414240997719
26France92493229963356763357975968756181940326654261678863346938651045418584032762
27Indonesia769128852492118732221159326248093832128919049252681755313749793817517659510334
28Netherlands94376023784272681602130789801783234793711889703931307854096832361527951245525
29Poland8241610181518164353764992852921595515971733525908471219488627531126340417399
30Belgium931506167454506982108775164545558451980821296217901063311558460322821244060
31Ukraine798490615249130167867607224082857795997931776373091071844861327942917236
32Switzerland9511981477880011572388125215435517087393664817102366481018015170114760738684703
33Lithuania77298211782303042461577649739331926811537244895655921057335534725561122832
34China941274210853306563434426279134271247285480453038519236277271239820519237226
35Portugal87270510672372642516464358668262622305434344385483229405262631320448322951
36Iceland9011979895131610940231871673542028631624738108969518168524310175678289749880
37Romania7828528491544228718970036371457315165391928400359316339304825865319012561
38Argentina712925592131752360144212566110089451451835108408213450219816421137713368
39Germany9511665373436273069295288335187938311268476147295249816187957631268446573
40Bulgaria7216663961551428218279937980138716608220131244211815772173324349145812621
41Greece8612173352202839416052636022379193839063107628277029788021414
42Nigeria811868173140822664497045733617134558401858897020081617155125889344
43Norway910251344906910416373713538846958459670105091737774324697471367057458
44Austria890154544761813092451017881565344822385235245499591565548522336040
45Turkey8404126105501930117823651119683714823378152119221191547811910288
46Czechia840002059037011044998019061042353022025032897021348
47Denmark920005600710462301226120613360105014075124074830054973
48Finland9100046402857970119372043585077536062561058825042160
49Saudi Arabia860003487163895073024027933089469038927045373030527
50Sweden920003705170559082084034052066217048000057311041088

City livability

The table below compares the cost of living and livability of cities around the world for students. The ‘Cost of Living’ columns are presented as a deviation from the dataset median. A lower deviation from the median indicates a cheaper price, while a higher deviation from the median indicates a higher price.The ‘Livability’ columns are presented as a score (all scores are out of 100, with 100 being the highest and 50 the lowest possible score).Click on the top of each column to sort from highest to lowest.Legend image for table: City livability.

Student City Livability and Cost of Living

1PragueCzechia-14-33-28909610089100
2TokyoJapan1662789100918796
3AmsterdamNetherlands8016208894929696
4MadridSpain1-9-148597918995
5ReykjavikIceland65554810083919195
6BerlinGermany3-14-18297929295
7EdinburghScotland325158689949094
8TallinnEstonia-39-20-209688897894
9ViennaAustria-86-88985919293
10CopenhagenDenmark83452694848210093
11LondonEngland17322567995969292
12BarcelonaSpain3-6-108098849292
13AthensGreece-50-16-167895977792
14ParisFrance432897794938991
15SingaporeSingapore11519279893778191
16LisbonPortugal-10-33-228593818791
17VilniusLithuania-40-33-269188877791
18RigaLatvia-49-31-248588858690
19HelsinkiFinland3122159778828790
20BrnoCzechia-34-41-328988758889
21BolognaItaly-25-3-97892908389
22RomeItaly179-67797927789
23ValenciaSpain-29-15-218684818989
24FlorenceItaly-82-98088888588
25ZurichSwitzerland9688719280819488
26CologneGermany-11-508194818488
27OsloNorway5160439280848688
28GlasgowScotland4-11128288838788
29New YorkUSA21666697793948488
30DresdenGermany-40-20-148479878788
31DubaiUAE7027359795687988
32MilanItaly199-17986878888
33OsakaJapan-32-1248689827888
34DublinIreland8713478690877687
35TorontoCanada7723378591867887
36StockholmSweden3117148978809087
37GothenburgSweden-3728882808687
38NantesFrance-372-107389878687
39BristolEngland45-1148380839086
40SofiaBulgaria-59-45-438096787486
41WarsawPoland-36-47-438690836786
42Saint PetersburgRussia-50-40-367286977386
43HamburgGermany351158080878786
44MunichGermany38928880857886
45MontrealCanada-825158875838385
46RaleighUSA321338181898085
47CardiffWales-11-8-88479818385
48KrakowPoland-42-50-448590816385
49BelfastNorthern Ireland-4-398281838085
50SeoulSouth Korea-45-148880778184
51OttawaCanada169208874828484
52VancouverCanada7844328677858284
53Tel AvivIsrael7443258887777584
54AachenGermany-28-13-98469799484
55LyonFrance-71707878878484
56BrusselsBelgium21268280828184
57MontpellierFrance-194-57680848384
58The HagueNetherlands2411-39068769083
59San FranciscoUSA22861487591868183
60SantiagoChile-56-29-367490797783
61LvivUkraine-71-63-637678788783
62NewcastleEngland-6-1288078808683
63Buenos AiresArgentina-71-36-457094856983
64WashingtonUSA13645417494847783
65ManchesterEngland28-467778789183
66BeijingChina-1-22-77392738282
67ColumbusUSA15157867859182
68Los AngelesUSA13649377794886382
69MiamiUSA11340277592797882
70StuttgartGermany0-3-88572817581
71ChicagoUSA8626397076928281
72Sao PauloBrazil-47-37-206088927381
73LeedsEngland33-12148276768180
74SeattleUSA10140367773858480
75BucharestRomania-58-41-418185796080
76AucklandNew Zealand3517498475827280
77Hong KongHong Kong14930198583678180
78DenverUSA8938337875867780
79MelbourneAustralia4127618076807679
80BostonUSA15238348167848178
81SydneyAustralia9117718375816878
82BangkokThailand-45-28-276794687378
83PhiladelphiaUSA4332297269868078
84AtlantaUSA608207269848177
85IstanbulTurkey-69-55-567171876777
86Kuala LumpurMalaysia-50-41-417392636476
87KingstonJamaica-59-18-247661688473
88ShanghaiChina0-1-107366688273
89DetroitUSA0696862827672
90San JoseCosta Rica-43-32-247662707271
91BogotaColombia-63-58-515780756671
92Mexico CityMexico-42-35-355774756869
93ChennaiIndia-79-54-636359687767
94NanjingChina-51-35-407855528167
95Cape TownSouth Africa-31-40-325469667465
96CairoEgypt-80-60-577160566965
97RiyadhSaudi Arabia-27-3977950508165
98JakartaIndonesia-59-42-406856626563
99New DelhiIndia-76-53-565658556858
100LagosNigeria-6-46-415055555050

Methodology

The Education Price Index 2022 reveals the cost of a university education in countries around the world, with a special focus on six common degree subjects: medicine, nursing, law, civil engineering, software development, and teaching. It also analyzes the livability for students of 100 cities in the countries under consideration.
  • The countries in the study were chosen as a result of their renowned universities and comparable price information. Every continent is represented in the selection.
  • University fees for specialist degrees were collected for six career paths: Medical doctors, Nurses, Lawyers, Civil Engineers, Software Developers and Teachers. For all specialist degrees:
    • The fees were collected for citizens of the country; in the case of the USA the fees were collected for residents of the state in which the universities are located;
    • Only tuition fees and university administrative fees were collected, and do not include dormitory fees or other costs of living.
    • Additional training costs (e.g. training at a hospital or law firm) were not taken into account.
    For each country considered, the country's tertiary education system was classified as either:
    • Nationally regulated university fees
    • Fees set by each institution, primarily public universities
    • Fees set by each institution, mixed public and private universities
    For countries with nationally regulated university fees, the fees for each specialist degree was established through review of the guidance provided by the responsible national educational bodies and by the universities themselves. For countries where fees are set by each institution, a sample of up to six universities were selected from internationally competitive universities. Internationally competitive universities were identified through well-established university ranking directories Times Higher Education and QS Top Universities. For countries with primarily public universities, the sample of universities was selected from public universities. For countries with a mix of public and private universities–defined as a country where more than 20% of students are enrolled with private universities–an additional sample of up to six private universities was selected and typical university fees were separately established for public and private universities. A full list of universities and educational bodies used as sources can be provided on request. To calculate the overall education cost of each career path, the typical length of study for each country was provided by the World Higher Education Database (UNESCO/International Association of Universities). The overall costs assume that students graduate without repeats or extensions.
  • Typical salaries were collected for six professions: Medical doctors, Nurses, Lawyers, Civil Engineers, Software Developers and Teachers. Official data on wages were collected from:
    • USA: BLS (US. Bureau of Labour Statistics)
    • Europe: Eurostat
    • Other OECD countries: OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
    • Other countries: ILO (International Labour Organization)
    The industry and professional definitions used for each profession are outlined below in the per-factor notes. From the broad official data on wages, granular estimates of specific professions, as well as junior/senior wage differences, were developed using aggregate estimates from salary comparison websites Glassdoor, Payscale, SalaryExplorer, SalaryExpert, Teleport, Gehalt.de and Salary.com. Junior Salaries are defined and calculated as a weighted average of the salaries after 0-2 years of experience (80% weight) and 2-5 years of experience (20% weight). Senior Salaries are defined and calculated as a weighted average of the salaries after 10-15 years of experience (25% weight), 15-20 years of experience (50% weight) and 20+ years of experience (25% weight). For each profession, Junior and Senior salary coefficients were calculated from the ratio of Junior and Senior salaries against average salaries presented on salary comparison websites. The final Junior and Senior salary estimates were calculated by applying the coefficients against the average salaries of each profession. Overall Junior Salary Levels: an aggregate of Junior salaries was constructed as the average of the Junior salaries of the six professions. Overall Senior Salary Levels: an aggregate of Senior salaries was constructed as the average of the Junior salaries of the six professions.
  • A score that reflects the presence of top-ranked universities in each country. A higher score means the country has a greater presence of top-ranked universities. The score is constructed from three underlying indicators:
    1. The highest scoring university present in each country;
    2. The total score of high scoring universities in each country;
    3. The average score of high scoring universities in each country, adjusted for the number of enrolled students.
    Sources: Times Higher Education; QS Top Universities; World Bank Education Statistics.
  • The typical cost of tuition and administrative fees for one academic year. The results show the representative cost of studying for one year, and is the mean of the six degree subjects covered in the study. The factor is computed according to the following formula: Cost of one year at Uni - Formula (EN,DE,FR,IT,ES). The Cost of Education for each Specialist Degree is estimated using the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students”.
  • The number of years it takes a graduate to pay back the full university tuition fee, as an indicator of the Burden of Student Debt. The calculation assumes a student earns a typical Junior level salary and allocates 5% of their post-graduate income to paying off tuition fee debt. The factor is computed according to the following formula: Years to Pay Off Tuition Formula (EN,DE,FR,IT,ES). The Cost of one year at university is defined above; typical course length of each career path is collected using the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students”.
  • The number of hours a person earning the minimum wage must work to be able to pay for a full university degree. The indicator imagines that a student’s parent, and family’s sole breadwinner, works to finance the tuition and administrative fees of their child’s university education. The factor is computed according to the following formula: Minimum Wage Hours to Afford a Degree Formula (EN,DE,FR,IT,ES). The Cost of one year at university is defined above; typical course length of each career path is collected using the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students” Hourly Minimum Wage for each country was collected from ILO. For countries that do not have a legally mandated minimum wage, the salary of an entry level services profession such as cleaners or fast food cashiers were used instead. A full list of estimated minimum wage for countries without legally mandated minimum wage can be provided on request.
  • - Junior Salary Level: The aggregate of Junior Salaries of all professions considered; overall Junior Salary Levels are estimated using the methodology described above under “Salary levels per profession". - Senior Salary Level: The aggregate of Senior Salaries of all professions considered; overall Senior Salary Levels are estimated using the methodology described above under “Salary levels per profession".
  • - Cost of Becoming a Doctor: The tuition fees plus university administrative fees for specialist degrees for medical doctors were collected according to the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students”.
    • A typical degree in many countries is a 5.5 year Bachelor of Science degree such as “Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery” (e.g. MBBS, MB ChB, MB BCh).
    • For some countries with different degree formats, adjustments were made accordingly (in the case of the US, 4 years for a Bachelor’s degree and 4 years for a degree titled medical doctor).
    - Salary of a Doctor: The typical salary of a doctor was estimated according to the methodology described above under “Salary levels per profession”.
    • For the USA, official numbers were provided by BLS using professional category 29-1210-Physicians.
    • For European countries, industry level wages were provided by Eurostat, using the industrial NASCE category Q86-Human health activities.
    • For other OECD countries, industry level wages were provided by OECD, using the industrial ISCED-2011 category 7-Health and welfare.
    • For all other countries, the industry level wages were provided by ILO, using the industrial ISIC-Rev.4 category Q.-Human health and social work activities
  • - Cost of Becoming a Nurse: The tuition fees plus university administrative fees for specialist degrees for Nurse were collected according to the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students”.
    • A typical degree in many countries is a 5.5 year Bachelor of Science degree such as “Bachelor of Nursing”.
    - Salary of a Nurse: The typical salary of a Nurse was estimated according to the methodology described above under “Salary levels per profession”.
    • For the USA, official numbers were provided by BLS using professional category 29-1141-Registered Nurses.
    • For European countries, industry level wages were provided by Eurostat, using the industrial NASCE category Q86-Human health activities.
    • For other OECD countries, industry level wages were provided by OECD, using the industrial ISCED-2011 category 7-Health and welfare.
    • For all other countries, the industry level wages were provided by ILO, using the industrial ISIC-Rev.4 category Q.-Human health and social work activities.
  • - Cost of Becoming a Lawyer: The tuition fees plus university administrative fees for specialist degrees for Lawyers were collected according to the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students”.
    • A typical degree in many countries is a 3.5 year Bachelor of Arts degree like “Bachelor of Laws (LL.B)” and a consecutive 1.5 year Master of Arts degree like “Master of Arts (LL.M)”.
    • For some countries with different degree formats, adjustments were made accordingly.
    - Salary of a Lawyer: The typical salary of a Lawyer was estimated according to the methodology described above under “Salary levels per profession”.
    • For the USA, official numbers were provided by BLS using professional category 23-1011-Lawyers.
    • For European countries, industry level wages were provided by Eurostat, using the industrial NASCE category M69-Legal and accounting activities.
    • For other OECD countries, industry level wages were provided by OECD, using the industrial ISCED-2011 category 3-Social sciences, business and law.
    • For all other countries, the industry level wages were provided by ILO, using the industrial ISIC-Rev.4 category M.-Professional, scientific and technical activities.
  • - Cost of Becoming a Civil Engineer: The tuition fees plus university administrative fees for specialist degrees for Civil Engineer were collected according to the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students”.
    • In many countries, there are several ways of becoming an engineer: This study typically takes into account a 4 years Bachelor of Science degree such as “Bachelor of Science Civil Engineering” and a Master of Science degree such as “Master of Civil Engineering” (1.5 years).
    • For some countries with different degree formats, adjustments were made accordingly.
    - Salary of a Civil Engineer: The typical salary of a Civil Engineer was estimated according to the methodology described above under “Salary levels per profession”.
    • For the USA, official numbers were provided by BLS using professional category 17-2051-Civil Engineers.
    • For European countries, industry level wages were provided by Eurostat, using the industrial NASCE category F42-Civil Engineering.
    • For other OECD countries, industry level wages were provided by OECD, using the industrial ISCED-2011 category 5-Engineering, manufacturing and construction.
    • For all other countries, the industry level wages were provided by ILO, using the industrial ISIC-Rev.4 category F.-Construction
  • - Cost of Becoming a Software Developer: The tuition fees plus university administrative fees for specialist degrees for Software Developers were collected according to the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students”.
    • A typical degree in many countries is a 3.5 year Bachelor of Science degree such as “Computer Science”.
    - Salary of a Software Developer: The typical salary of a Software Developer was estimated according to the methodology described above under “Salary levels per profession”.
    • For the USA, official numbers were provided by BLS using the professional category 15-1252-Software Developers.
    • For European countries, industry level wages were provided by Eurostat, using the industrial NASCE category J62-Computer programming.
    • For other OECD countries, industry level wages were provided by OECD, using the industrial ISCED-2011 category 4-Science.
    • For all other countries, the industry level wages were provided by ILO, using the industrial ISIC-Rev.4 category J.-Information and communication and P.-Education.
  • - Cost of Becoming a Teacher: The tuition fees plus university administrative fees for specialist degrees for Teachers were collected according to the methodology described above under “Typical University Fees for Domestic Students”.
    • A typical degree in many countries is a 3.5 year Bachelor of Arts degree like “Bachelor of Education” and a consecutive 1.5 year Master of Arts degree like “Master of Education”.
    • For some countries with different degree formats, adjustments were made accordingly.
    - Salary of a Teacher: The typical salary of a Teacher was estimated according to the methodology described above under “Salary levels per profession”.
    • For the USA, official numbers were provided by BLS using the professional category 25-0000-Educational Instruction and Library Occupations.
    • For European countries, industry level wages were provided by Eurostat, using the industrial NASCE category P85-Education.
    • For other OECD countries, industry level wages were provided by OECD, using the industrial ISCED-2011 category 1-Education.
    • For all other countries, the industry level wages were provided by ILO, using the industrial ISIC-Rev.4 category P.-Education
  • City Selection The cities in the study were chosen because they are home to prominent universities, based on university rankings. Each city has a minimum population of 250,000 people. Scoring Procedure Multiple indicators were used as contributing components when factors are presented as a “Score”. The underlying indicators were first standardized using a Z-Score [z = (x-μ)/σ; μ=indicator mean; σ=indicator standard deviation] normalization procedure. The final score was computed as a weighted average of the component Z-Scores, and the resulting score normalized to a scale of 50 to 100 using min-max normalization [(value - min)/(max-min)*50+50]. The floor of 50 for the scale was chosen to emphasize that the locations presented in the final dataset represent the highest ranking locations chosen from a shortlist of high-ranking locations.
  • - Cost of Student Housing: A percentage that reflects the cost of student housing in each city. The cost is displayed as a deviation from the dataset median, the midpoint of the dataset. A higher percentage indicates more expensive student housing. A negative percentage indicates the cost is cheaper than the median price. Source: Magmatic Research. - Cost of a Student Food Basket: A percentage that reflects the cost of a student food basket in each city. The cost is composed of the typical prices of groceries and restaurants. It is displayed as a deviation from the dataset median, the midpoint of the dataset. A higher percentage indicates a more expensive food basket. A negative percentage indicates the cost is cheaper than the median price. Source: Magmatic Research. - Cost of Other Student Expenses: A percentage that reflects the cost of other student living expenses in each city. The cost is composed of living expenses such as utilities, hygiene products, public transport, and personal care. It is displayed as a deviation from the dataset median, the midpoint of the dataset. A higher percentage indicates more expensive student expenses. A negative percentage indicates that the cost is cheaper than the median price. Source: Magmatic Research.
  • - Student Safety: A score that reflects the level of safety and security that students have in each city. The score is composed of data on crime, climate risks, infrastructure risks, perceptions of security, domestic stability, transport risks, and natural disaster risks. A higher score indicates a safer environment. Sources: Germanwatch; Hudson's Investment Migration Consultancy; Igarape Institute; The Economist; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; World Health Organization. - Nightlife: A score that reflects the nighttime entertainment available to students in each city. The score is composed of data on the number of bars, pubs and nightclubs in absolute terms and per 100k inhabitants. A higher score indicates more nighttime entertainment. Sources: Google local listings, TripAdvisor - Culture: A score that reflects the cultural infrastructure available to students in each city. The score is composed of data on the number of museums and theaters in absolute terms and per 100k inhabitants. A higher score indicates more cultural offerings for students. Sources: UNESCO; UNWTO; Google local listings; OpenStreetMap - Smart Mobility: A score that reflects the quality of the mobility infrastructure available to students in each city. The score is composed of data related to congestion levels, commute times, government technology adoption, electrical mobility and public transport infrastructure. A higher score reflects a greater degree of mobility for students in the city, characterized by greater density, efficiency and digitalisation of public transport services, and greater adoption of e-government practices. Sources: International Energy Agency; Institute for Management Development; OpenStreetMap; TomTom; United Nations.

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